Abstract: Lightweight, highly resistant to bullets, resistant to multiple strikes, and low-cost are urgent requirements for protective armor in modern warfare. Traditional armor is heavy, has a bottleneck in ballistic performance, and high maintenance costs, while modular ceramic composite armor adopts modular design, which has significant advantages in structural weight reduction, improved ballistic performance, easy maintenance, and flexible design. It has become one of the main research directions in the field of armor protection. This article first systematically summarizes the development history of ballistic-resistant armor materials and armor structures, and provides a brief overview of the properties of commonly used ceramic materials and the characteristics and selection principles of high-performance fibers in modular ceramic composite armor protection systems, and briefly introduce several new advanced materials in the current research progress of bulletproof materials. Secondly, the geometric and constraint effects of ceramic modules, the collaborative optimization design of composite backplates, and the influence of bonding layer performance and impedance matching theory on armor protection capability were discussed in detail from the perspective of structural design. Once again, the research status of repairability of spliced ceramic composite armor was summarized, mainly including the research progress of field repair and efficient maintenance. Finally, a summary and outlook on the future development direction of modular ceramic composite armor were provided.