Abstract: Bio-concrete is a new type of building material based on microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology. It actively regulates the material performance through microbial carbon fixation and mineralization reaction (such as urea hydrolysis and CO₂ direct mineralization synergistic path), and has broad prospects in the field of green and low-carbon building materials. In this paper, the mineralization mechanism of carbon fixation-mineralization of MICP is deeply analyzed, and the preparation method of biological concrete and the design strategy of microbial carrier materials (porous ceramics, hydro gel, etc.) are systematically reviewed. By integrating traditional characterization methods and data visualization methods, a multi-dimensional evaluation system covering material-structure-environment effects is constructed. In addition, focusing on the goal of carbon neutrality, it summarizes the optimization principles and efficiency quantification methods of carbon sequestration functional bacteria, and finally discusses the future development direction of biological concrete from the dimensions of carbon fixation efficiency improvement, intelligent response material development and whole life cycle evaluation, so as to provide reference for the innovative research and development of low-carbon building materials.