Abstract: The development of cryogenic composite material storage tanks is an effective approach to reducing the overall structural weight of launch vehicles and enhancing their payload capacity. It is also a crucial direction for the future evolution of storage tank technology. However, the degradation of composite material properties at extremely low temperatures, along with issues such as microcracks and leakage, significantly hinders the practical application of these storage tanks. This paper focuses on cryogenic composite material storage tanks, systematically summarizing the research progress both domestically and internationally. It reviews a series of potential issues encountered during the service life of cryogenic composite tanks, including low-temperature mechanical properties, microcracking, and leakage performance. Additionally, it discusses methods to improve the leakage resistance of composite material tanks and provides an outlook on the development and future research directions for composite material storage tanks.