Abstract: This study investigates the anti-penetration and self-healing performance of hyperelastic material/aluminum alloy composite targets under 12.7 mm projectile impact through LS-DYNA numerical simulations and ballistic tests, providing engineering references for protective applications. Results demonstrate that coating configurations significantly affect target performance: Front-side coatings (rubber, polyurethane, and polyurea) achieved 100% aperture contraction ratio, whereas back-side polyurea coating suffered tearing from aluminum substrate's petal-shaped fracture, reducing closure ratio to 17.2%, confirming front-side coatings' superior self-healing capability. Back-side coatings exhibit enhanced kinetic energy dissipation through dynamic tensile deformation, showing better penetration resistance than front-side counterparts, but require sufficient aluminum thickness for energy absorption. The self-healing performance of back-side coatings is thickness-dependent, with increased thickness significantly improving rubber and polyurea's recovery. Thickening aluminum substrate synergistically enhances both penetration resistance and self-healing efficacy, while front-side aluminum thickening aggravates coating damage through stress concentration, impairing self-healing performance.