Abstract: Continuous fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPCs) are extensively used in various sectors due to their low density and high strength. Traditional manufacturing processes, being costly and time-consuming, have led to the development of novel techniques, with 3D printing emerging as a frontrunner for its ability to produce complex structures rapidly and efficiently. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is the predominant 3D printing method utilized for CFRPCs. This review systematically addresses the factors affecting the mechanical properties of FDM-produced components and strategies to enhance them, focusing on materials, processes, and structural aspects. It outlines the properties of standard resins and fibers used in FDM, detailing the preparation methods for printing processes and pre-impregnated filaments. The analysis highlights the influence of printing parameters, including fiber volume fraction, temperature, speed, layer thickness, and spacing, as well as post-processing treatments on mechanical properties. The study examines the impact of part structure on mechanical performance from macro and micro perspectives. It shows that the mechanical properties are mainly affected by material, process defects, fiber content, fiber path, interfacial properties, and structure. Finally, the paper concludes with an overview of research trends and future outlooks.